Immutable CSS

Written by Harry Roberts on CSS Wizardry.

In my recent article, More Transparent UI Code with Namespaces, I mentioned a number of times that certain classes cannot or should not be changed, bound onto, reassigned, or otherwise modified after their initial creation. We had phrases like:

Making modifications to these types of class could potentially have knock-on effects in a lot of other unrelated places. Tread carefully.

And:

It has a very specific role (often providing only one declaration) and should not be bound onto or changed.

As well as:

…we need to let others know that this class is less than ideal, and hopefully temporary (i.e. do not bind onto this).

Followed by:

Avoid modifying their styles.

With a bit of:

We do not want anyone trying to bind onto these in future selectors.

And then I said:

…do not bind onto, reuse or otherwise interface with it. […] [Hack classes] should not be relied upon or reused by other developers.

With this next:

…do not reuse or bind onto their classes.

And this:

A number of things I can reuse, but not bind onto or alter (Objects and Utilities).

And then this:

…but cannot be reused, modified, or moved.

Jeez. Wow. I guess I was really, really trying to drive a point home there. Basically that modifying, reassigning, or otherwise interfering with certain types of rule can be dangerous, and is therefore strictly prohibited.

The idea was to use pre-agreed namespaces in order to signal which rules these were; those namespaces were o- for Objects, u- for Utilities, and _ for Hacks.

We need to make sure we never touch these once they’ve been created, as to do so could have potentially terrible knock-on effects for other developers and/or other parts of the system. We need to remain confident that the use of these rules never comes with side effects.

Well, it turns out there’s already a name for things like this: Immutable Objects.

As with a lot of my work, I try to borrow paradigms from software engineering. Software Engineers have been solving these problems since long before I was even a twinkle in my father’s eye, so it’s probably going to be in my interests to see how they’d go about it.

It turns out that immutable objects are objects whose state cannot be modified after [they have been] created. That’s exactly what we’re aiming for with certain types of rule in our CSS! After we’ve created certain rulesets, they want to behave almost like constants: never changing, closed to modification, immutable.

From the Wikipedia page:

Other benefits are that they are simpler to understand and reason about and offer higher security than mutable objects.

Immutable object—Wikipedia

Perfect! simpler to understand and offer higher security. This is exactly what the namespacing gives us: knowledge and, subsequently, security.

More gold from the Wikipedia page:

…if any user of a reference to a mutable object changes it, all other users of that reference will see the change. If this is not the intended effect, it can be difficult to notify the other users to have them respond correctly.

Heck yeah! This is exactly what we’re talking about with our CSS. If someone modifies a base Object or a global Utility, we’re going to propagate that change out everywhere, and we probably don’t want that.

It gets better:

In these situations, defensive copying of the entire object rather than the reference is usually an easy but costly solution.

Uh oh! Ever copied and pasted (or @extended) some declarations in order to reuse them under a safer selector? Duplicating things (or their references) in order to use them again with no side effects?

Enforcing Immutability

It’s all well and good knowing what immutability is, but we need to be able to enforce it. One potential (untested) approach would be to simply see if any class appears more than once in a project. For example:

.o-media {}

...

.c-footer .o-media {}

Here we’ve reassigned .o-media; it exists once, where it should do, but we’ve also got a modified version of it when it exists inside of .c-footer. This nesting introduces a caveat (.o-media when…) which in turn produces side effects.

Perhaps a Grunt task to find reassigned classes and show developers a warning:

WARNING: Immutable object `.o-media` has been reassigned on line 2214.

Or perhaps preprocessors could provide a specific type of selector that is immutable. We have placeholder classes that never get written out to the compiled CSS, and they use the % symbol in place of the period (.). How about something like:

^o-media {}

Which would get compiled out to:

.o-media {}

But would throw an error if we tried to do this:

.c-footer {

    ^o-media {}

}

For example:

error _components.footer.scss (Line 86: Cannot reassign immutable object: “^o-media”.)

Totally just thinking out loud there—there will be a number of reasons why this is impractical, I’m sure.

Working Immutably

Until we actually get ways of creating truly immutable objects in CSS, there are a number of rules and principles we can stick to:

Firstly, utilise and stick to our namespacing. Even though we can get around or break these rules, they’re a great start. If we make sure we signal these types of rule, at least we have a better chance of people modifying CSS safely.

The second thing we can do is make sure we strongly adhere to the Open/Closed Principle. Ensure that we never modify rules directly, and that we add new classes (using BEM) to extend changes forward. This ensures that we’re never going back and changing fundamental rules that underpin many other more complex bits of UI, meaning no regressions or side effects. Our immutable rules (Utilities, Objects, Hacks) remain immutable by never reassigning them and adding caveats.

By Harry Roberts

Harry Roberts is an independent consultant web performance engineer. He helps companies of all shapes and sizes find and fix site speed issues.

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